source: etherws/trunk/etherws.py @ 209

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
#                          Ethernet over WebSocket
#
# depends on:
#   - python-2.7.2
#   - python-pytun-0.2
#   - websocket-client-0.7.0
#   - tornado-2.3
#
# ===========================================================================
# Copyright (c) 2012, Atzm WATANABE <atzm@atzm.org>
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
#    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
# ===========================================================================
#
# $Id$

import os
import sys
import ssl
import time
import json
import fcntl
import base64
import urllib2
import hashlib
import getpass
import argparse
import traceback

import tornado
import websocket

from tornado.web import Application, RequestHandler
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
from tornado.httpserver import HTTPServer
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop

from pytun import TunTapDevice, IFF_TAP, IFF_NO_PI


class DebugMixIn(object):
    def dprintf(self, msg, func=lambda: ()):
        if self._debug:
            prefix = '[%s] %s - ' % (time.asctime(), self.__class__.__name__)
            sys.stderr.write(prefix + (msg % func()))


class EthernetFrame(object):
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data

    @property
    def dst_multicast(self):
        return ord(self.data[0]) & 1

    @property
    def src_multicast(self):
        return ord(self.data[6]) & 1

    @property
    def dst_mac(self):
        return self.data[:6]

    @property
    def src_mac(self):
        return self.data[6:12]

    @property
    def tagged(self):
        return ord(self.data[12]) == 0x81 and ord(self.data[13]) == 0

    @property
    def vid(self):
        if self.tagged:
            return ((ord(self.data[14]) << 8) | ord(self.data[15])) & 0x0fff
        return 0

    @staticmethod
    def format_mac(mac, sep=':'):
        return sep.join(b.encode('hex') for b in mac)


class FDB(DebugMixIn):
    class Entry(object):
        def __init__(self, port, ageout):
            self.port = port
            self._time = time.time()
            self._ageout = ageout

        @property
        def age(self):
            return time.time() - self._time

        @property
        def agedout(self):
            return self.age > self._ageout

    def __init__(self, ageout, debug=False):
        self._ageout = ageout
        self._debug = debug
        self._table = {}

    def _set_entry(self, vid, mac, port):
        if vid not in self._table:
            self._table[vid] = {}
        self._table[vid][mac] = self.Entry(port, self._ageout)

    def _del_entry(self, vid, mac):
        if vid in self._table:
            if mac in self._table[vid]:
                del self._table[vid][mac]
            if not self._table[vid]:
                del self._table[vid]

    def _get_entry(self, vid, mac):
        try:
            entry = self._table[vid][mac]
        except KeyError:
            return None

        if not entry.agedout:
            return entry

        self._del_entry(vid, mac)
        self.dprintf('aged out: port:%d; vid:%d; mac:%s\n',
                     lambda: (entry.port.number, vid, mac.encode('hex')))

    def each(self):
        for vid in sorted(self._table.iterkeys()):
            for mac in sorted(self._table[vid].iterkeys()):
                entry = self._get_entry(vid, mac)
                if entry:
                    yield (vid, mac, entry)

    def lookup(self, frame):
        mac = frame.dst_mac
        vid = frame.vid
        entry = self._get_entry(vid, mac)
        return getattr(entry, 'port', None)

    def learn(self, port, frame):
        mac = frame.src_mac
        vid = frame.vid
        self._set_entry(vid, mac, port)
        self.dprintf('learned: port:%d; vid:%d; mac:%s\n',
                     lambda: (port.number, vid, mac.encode('hex')))

    def delete(self, port):
        for vid, mac, entry in self.each():
            if entry.port.number == port.number:
                self._del_entry(vid, mac)
                self.dprintf('deleted: port:%d; vid:%d; mac:%s\n',
                             lambda: (port.number, vid, mac.encode('hex')))


class SwitchingHub(DebugMixIn):
    class Port(object):
        def __init__(self, number, interface):
            self.number = number
            self.interface = interface
            self.tx = 0
            self.rx = 0
            self.shut = False

        @staticmethod
        def cmp_by_number(x, y):
            return cmp(x.number, y.number)

    def __init__(self, fdb, debug=False):
        self.fdb = fdb
        self._debug = debug
        self._table = {}
        self._next = 1

    @property
    def portlist(self):
        return sorted(self._table.itervalues(), cmp=self.Port.cmp_by_number)

    def get_port(self, portnum):
        return self._table[portnum]

    def register_port(self, interface):
        try:
            self._set_privattr('portnum', interface, self._next)  # XXX
            self._table[self._next] = self.Port(self._next, interface)
            return self._next
        finally:
            self._next += 1

    def unregister_port(self, interface):
        portnum = self._get_privattr('portnum', interface)
        self._del_privattr('portnum', interface)
        self.fdb.delete(self._table[portnum])
        del self._table[portnum]

    def send(self, dst_interfaces, frame):
        portnums = (self._get_privattr('portnum', i) for i in dst_interfaces)
        ports = (self._table[n] for n in portnums)
        ports = (p for p in ports if not p.shut)
        ports = sorted(ports, cmp=self.Port.cmp_by_number)

        for p in ports:
            p.interface.write_message(frame.data, True)
            p.tx += 1

        if ports:
            self.dprintf('sent: port:%s; vid:%d; %s -> %s\n',
                         lambda: (','.join(str(p.number) for p in ports),
                                  frame.vid,
                                  frame.src_mac.encode('hex'),
                                  frame.dst_mac.encode('hex')))

    def receive(self, src_interface, frame):
        port = self._table[self._get_privattr('portnum', src_interface)]

        if not port.shut:
            port.rx += 1
            self._forward(port, frame)

    def _forward(self, src_port, frame):
        try:
            if not frame.src_multicast:
                self.fdb.learn(src_port, frame)

            if not frame.dst_multicast:
                dst_port = self.fdb.lookup(frame)

                if dst_port:
                    self.send([dst_port.interface], frame)
                    return

            ports = set(self.portlist) - set([src_port])
            self.send((p.interface for p in ports), frame)

        except:  # ex. received invalid frame
            traceback.print_exc()

    def _privattr(self, name):
        return '_%s_%s_%s' % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self), name)

    def _set_privattr(self, name, obj, value):
        return setattr(obj, self._privattr(name), value)

    def _get_privattr(self, name, obj, defaults=None):
        return getattr(obj, self._privattr(name), defaults)

    def _del_privattr(self, name, obj):
        return delattr(obj, self._privattr(name))


class Htpasswd(object):
    def __init__(self, path):
        self._path = path
        self._stat = None
        self._data = {}

    def auth(self, name, passwd):
        passwd = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(passwd).digest())
        return self._data.get(name) == passwd

    def load(self):
        old_stat = self._stat

        with open(self._path) as fp:
            fileno = fp.fileno()
            fcntl.flock(fileno, fcntl.LOCK_SH | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
            self._stat = os.fstat(fileno)

            unchanged = old_stat and \
                        old_stat.st_ino == self._stat.st_ino and \
                        old_stat.st_dev == self._stat.st_dev and \
                        old_stat.st_mtime == self._stat.st_mtime

            if not unchanged:
                self._data = self._parse(fp)

        return self

    def _parse(self, fp):
        data = {}
        for line in fp:
            line = line.strip()
            if 0 <= line.find(':'):
                name, passwd = line.split(':', 1)
                if passwd.startswith('{SHA}'):
                    data[name] = passwd[5:]
        return data


class BasicAuthMixIn(object):
    def _execute(self, transforms, *args, **kwargs):
        def do_execute():
            sp = super(BasicAuthMixIn, self)
            return sp._execute(transforms, *args, **kwargs)

        def auth_required():
            stream = getattr(self, 'stream', self.request.connection.stream)
            stream.write(tornado.escape.utf8(
                'HTTP/1.1 401 Authorization Required\r\n'
                'WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=etherws\r\n\r\n'
            ))
            stream.close()

        try:
            if not self._htpasswd:
                return do_execute()

            creds = self.request.headers.get('Authorization')

            if not creds or not creds.startswith('Basic '):
                return auth_required()

            name, passwd = base64.b64decode(creds[6:]).split(':', 1)

            if self._htpasswd.load().auth(name, passwd):
                return do_execute()
        except:
            traceback.print_exc()

        return auth_required()


class EtherWebSocketHandler(DebugMixIn, BasicAuthMixIn, WebSocketHandler):
    IFTYPE = 'server'

    def __init__(self, app, req, switch, htpasswd=None, debug=False):
        super(EtherWebSocketHandler, self).__init__(app, req)
        self._switch = switch
        self._htpasswd = htpasswd
        self._debug = debug

    @property
    def target(self):
        return ':'.join(str(e) for e in self.request.connection.address)

    def open(self):
        try:
            return self._switch.register_port(self)
        finally:
            self.dprintf('connected: %s\n', lambda: self.request.remote_ip)

    def on_message(self, message):
        self._switch.receive(self, EthernetFrame(message))

    def on_close(self):
        self._switch.unregister_port(self)
        self.dprintf('disconnected: %s\n', lambda: self.request.remote_ip)


class TapHandler(DebugMixIn):
    IFTYPE = 'tap'
    READ_SIZE = 65535

    def __init__(self, ioloop, switch, dev, debug=False):
        self._ioloop = ioloop
        self._switch = switch
        self._dev = dev
        self._debug = debug
        self._tap = None

    @property
    def target(self):
        if self.closed:
            return self._dev
        return self._tap.name

    @property
    def closed(self):
        return not self._tap

    def open(self):
        if not self.closed:
            raise ValueError('Already opened')
        self._tap = TunTapDevice(self._dev, IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI)
        self._tap.up()
        self._ioloop.add_handler(self.fileno(), self, self._ioloop.READ)
        return self._switch.register_port(self)

    def close(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed tap')
        self._switch.unregister_port(self)
        self._ioloop.remove_handler(self.fileno())
        self._tap.close()
        self._tap = None

    def fileno(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed tap')
        return self._tap.fileno()

    def write_message(self, message, binary=False):
        if self.closed:
            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed tap')
        self._tap.write(message)

    def __call__(self, fd, events):
        try:
            self._switch.receive(self, EthernetFrame(self._read()))
            return
        except:
            traceback.print_exc()
        self.close()

    def _read(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed tap')
        buf = []
        while True:
            buf.append(self._tap.read(self.READ_SIZE))
            if len(buf[-1]) < self.READ_SIZE:
                break
        return ''.join(buf)


class EtherWebSocketClient(DebugMixIn):
    IFTYPE = 'client'

    def __init__(self, ioloop, switch, url, ssl_=None, cred=None, debug=False):
        self._ioloop = ioloop
        self._switch = switch
        self._url = url
        self._ssl = ssl_
        self._debug = debug
        self._sock = None
        self._options = {}

        if isinstance(cred, dict) and cred['user'] and cred['passwd']:
            token = base64.b64encode('%s:%s' % (cred['user'], cred['passwd']))
            auth = ['Authorization: Basic %s' % token]
            self._options['header'] = auth

    @property
    def target(self):
        return self._url

    @property
    def closed(self):
        return not self._sock

    def open(self):
        sslwrap = websocket._SSLSocketWrapper

        if not self.closed:
            raise websocket.WebSocketException('Already opened')

        if self._ssl:
            websocket._SSLSocketWrapper = self._ssl

        try:
            self._sock = websocket.WebSocket()
            self._sock.connect(self._url, **self._options)
            self._ioloop.add_handler(self.fileno(), self, self._ioloop.READ)
            return self._switch.register_port(self)
        finally:
            websocket._SSLSocketWrapper = sslwrap
            self.dprintf('connected: %s\n', lambda: self._url)

    def close(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise websocket.WebSocketException('Already closed')
        self._switch.unregister_port(self)
        self._ioloop.remove_handler(self.fileno())
        self._sock.close()
        self._sock = None
        self.dprintf('disconnected: %s\n', lambda: self._url)

    def fileno(self):
        if self.closed:
            raise websocket.WebSocketException('Closed socket')
        return self._sock.io_sock.fileno()

    def write_message(self, message, binary=False):
        if self.closed:
            raise websocket.WebSocketException('Closed socket')
        if binary:
            flag = websocket.ABNF.OPCODE_BINARY
        else:
            flag = websocket.ABNF.OPCODE_TEXT
        self._sock.send(message, flag)

    def __call__(self, fd, events):
        try:
            data = self._sock.recv()
            if data is not None:
                self._switch.receive(self, EthernetFrame(data))
                return
        except:
            traceback.print_exc()
        self.close()


class EtherWebSocketControlHandler(DebugMixIn, BasicAuthMixIn, RequestHandler):
    NAMESPACE = 'etherws.control'
    IFTYPES = {
        TapHandler.IFTYPE:           TapHandler,
        EtherWebSocketClient.IFTYPE: EtherWebSocketClient,
    }

    def __init__(self, app, req, ioloop, switch, htpasswd=None, debug=False):
        super(EtherWebSocketControlHandler, self).__init__(app, req)
        self._ioloop = ioloop
        self._switch = switch
        self._htpasswd = htpasswd
        self._debug = debug

    def post(self):
        try:
            request = json.loads(self.request.body)
        except Exception as e:
            return self._jsonrpc_response(error={
                'code':    0 - 32700,
                'message': 'Parse error',
                'data':    '%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e)),
            })

        try:
            id_ = request.get('id')
            params = request.get('params')
            version = request['jsonrpc']
            method = request['method']
            if version != '2.0':
                raise ValueError('Invalid JSON-RPC version: %s' % version)
        except Exception as e:
            return self._jsonrpc_response(id_=id_, error={
                'code':    0 - 32600,
                'message': 'Invalid Request',
                'data':    '%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e)),
            })

        try:
            if not method.startswith(self.NAMESPACE + '.'):
                raise ValueError('Invalid method namespace: %s' % method)
            handler = 'handle_' + method[len(self.NAMESPACE) + 1:]
            handler = getattr(self, handler)
        except Exception as e:
            return self._jsonrpc_response(id_=id_, error={
                'code':    0 - 32601,
                'message': 'Method not found',
                'data':    '%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e)),
            })

        try:
            return self._jsonrpc_response(id_=id_, result=handler(params))
        except Exception as e:
            traceback.print_exc()
            return self._jsonrpc_response(id_=id_, error={
                'code':    0 - 32602,
                'message': 'Invalid params',
                'data':     '%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e)),
            })

    def handle_listFdb(self, params):
        list_ = []
        for vid, mac, entry in self._switch.fdb.each():
            list_.append({
                'vid':  vid,
                'mac':  EthernetFrame.format_mac(mac),
                'port': entry.port.number,
                'age':  int(entry.age),
            })
        return {'entries': list_}

    def handle_listPort(self, params):
        return {'entries': [self._portstat(p) for p in self._switch.portlist]}

    def handle_addPort(self, params):
        type_ = params['type']
        target = params['target']
        opts = getattr(self, '_optparse_' + type_)(params.get('options', {}))
        cls = self.IFTYPES[type_]
        interface = cls(self._ioloop, self._switch, target, **opts)
        portnum = interface.open()
        return {'entries': [self._portstat(self._switch.get_port(portnum))]}

    def handle_delPort(self, params):
        port = self._switch.get_port(int(params['port']))
        port.interface.close()
        return {'entries': [self._portstat(port)]}

    def handle_shutPort(self, params):
        port = self._switch.get_port(int(params['port']))
        port.shut = bool(params['shut'])
        return {'entries': [self._portstat(port)]}

    def _optparse_tap(self, opt):
        return {'debug': self._debug}

    def _optparse_client(self, opt):
        args = {'cert_reqs': ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, 'ca_certs': opt.get('cacerts')}
        if opt.get('insecure'):
            args = {}
        ssl_ = lambda sock: ssl.wrap_socket(sock, **args)
        cred = {'user': opt.get('user'), 'passwd': opt.get('passwd')}
        return {'ssl_': ssl_, 'cred': cred, 'debug': self._debug}

    def _jsonrpc_response(self, id_=None, result=None, error=None):
        res = {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'id': id_}
        if result:
            res['result'] = result
        if error:
            res['error'] = error
        self.finish(res)

    @staticmethod
    def _portstat(port):
        return {
            'port':   port.number,
            'type':   port.interface.IFTYPE,
            'target': port.interface.target,
            'tx':     port.tx,
            'rx':     port.rx,
            'shut':   port.shut,
        }


def _print_error(error):
    print('  %s (%s)' % (error['message'], error['code']))
    print('    %s' % error['data'])


def _start_sw(args):
    def daemonize(nochdir=False, noclose=False):
        if os.fork() > 0:
            sys.exit(0)

        os.setsid()

        if os.fork() > 0:
            sys.exit(0)

        if not nochdir:
            os.chdir('/')

        if not noclose:
            os.umask(0)
            sys.stdin.close()
            sys.stdout.close()
            sys.stderr.close()
            os.close(0)
            os.close(1)
            os.close(2)
            sys.stdin = open(os.devnull)
            sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, 'a')
            sys.stderr = open(os.devnull, 'a')

    def checkabspath(ns, path):
        val = getattr(ns, path, '')
        if not val.startswith('/'):
            raise ValueError('Invalid %: %s' % (path, val))

    def getsslopt(ns, key, cert):
        kval = getattr(ns, key, None)
        cval = getattr(ns, cert, None)
        if kval and cval:
            return {'keyfile': kval, 'certfile': cval}
        elif kval or cval:
            raise ValueError('Both %s and %s are required' % (key, cert))
        return None

    def setrealpath(ns, *keys):
        for k in keys:
            v = getattr(ns, k, None)
            if v is not None:
                v = os.path.realpath(v)
                open(v).close()  # check readable
                setattr(ns, k, v)

    def setport(ns, port, isssl):
        val = getattr(ns, port, None)
        if val is None:
            if isssl:
                return setattr(ns, port, 443)
            return setattr(ns, port, 80)
        if not (0 <= val <= 65535):
            raise ValueError('Invalid %s: %s' % (port, val))

    def sethtpasswd(ns, htpasswd):
        val = getattr(ns, htpasswd, None)
        if val:
            return setattr(ns, htpasswd, Htpasswd(val))

    #if args.debug:
    #    websocket.enableTrace(True)

    if args.ageout <= 0:
        raise ValueError('Invalid ageout: %s' % args.ageout)

    setrealpath(args, 'htpasswd', 'sslkey', 'sslcert')
    setrealpath(args, 'ctlhtpasswd', 'ctlsslkey', 'ctlsslcert')

    checkabspath(args, 'path')
    checkabspath(args, 'ctlpath')

    sslopt = getsslopt(args, 'sslkey', 'sslcert')
    ctlsslopt = getsslopt(args, 'ctlsslkey', 'ctlsslcert')

    setport(args, 'port', sslopt)
    setport(args, 'ctlport', ctlsslopt)

    sethtpasswd(args, 'htpasswd')
    sethtpasswd(args, 'ctlhtpasswd')

    ioloop = IOLoop.instance()
    fdb = FDB(ageout=args.ageout, debug=args.debug)
    switch = SwitchingHub(fdb, debug=args.debug)

    if args.port == args.ctlport and args.host == args.ctlhost:
        if args.path == args.ctlpath:
            raise ValueError('Same path/ctlpath on same host')
        if args.sslkey != args.ctlsslkey:
            raise ValueError('Different sslkey/ctlsslkey on same host')
        if args.sslcert != args.ctlsslcert:
            raise ValueError('Different sslcert/ctlsslcert on same host')

        app = Application([
            (args.path, EtherWebSocketHandler, {
                'switch':   switch,
                'htpasswd': args.htpasswd,
                'debug':    args.debug,
            }),
            (args.ctlpath, EtherWebSocketControlHandler, {
                'ioloop':   ioloop,
                'switch':   switch,
                'htpasswd': args.ctlhtpasswd,
                'debug':    args.debug,
            }),
        ])
        server = HTTPServer(app, ssl_options=sslopt)
        server.listen(args.port, address=args.host)

    else:
        app = Application([(args.path, EtherWebSocketHandler, {
            'switch':   switch,
            'htpasswd': args.htpasswd,
            'debug':    args.debug,
        })])
        server = HTTPServer(app, ssl_options=sslopt)
        server.listen(args.port, address=args.host)

        ctl = Application([(args.ctlpath, EtherWebSocketControlHandler, {
            'ioloop':   ioloop,
            'switch':   switch,
            'htpasswd': args.ctlhtpasswd,
            'debug':    args.debug,
        })])
        ctlserver = HTTPServer(ctl, ssl_options=ctlsslopt)
        ctlserver.listen(args.ctlport, address=args.ctlhost)

    if not args.foreground:
        daemonize()

    ioloop.start()


def _start_ctl(args):
    def request(args, method, params=None, id_=0):
        req = urllib2.Request(args.ctlurl)
        req.add_header('Content-type', 'application/json')
        if args.ctluser:
            if not args.ctlpasswd:
                args.ctlpasswd = getpass.getpass('Control Password: ')
            token = base64.b64encode('%s:%s' % (args.ctluser, args.ctlpasswd))
            req.add_header('Authorization', 'Basic %s' % token)
        method = '.'.join([EtherWebSocketControlHandler.NAMESPACE, method])
        data = {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'method': method, 'id': id_}
        if params is not None:
            data['params'] = params
        return json.loads(urllib2.urlopen(req, json.dumps(data)).read())

    def maxlen(dict_, key, min_):
        if not dict_:
            return min_
        max_ = max(len(str(r[key])) for r in dict_)
        return min_ if max_ < min_ else max_

    def print_portlist(result):
        pmax = maxlen(result, 'port', 4)
        ymax = maxlen(result, 'type', 4)
        smax = maxlen(result, 'shut', 5)
        rmax = maxlen(result, 'rx', 2)
        tmax = maxlen(result, 'tx', 2)
        fmt = '  %%%ds  %%%ds  %%%ds  %%%ds  %%%ds  %%s' % \
              (pmax, ymax, smax, rmax, tmax)
        print(fmt % ('Port', 'Type', 'State', 'RX', 'TX', 'Target'))
        for r in result:
            shut = 'shut' if r['shut'] else 'up'
            print(fmt %
                  (r['port'], r['type'], shut, r['rx'], r['tx'], r['target']))

    def handle_ctl_addport(args):
        opts = {
            'user':     getattr(args, 'user', None),
            'passwd':   getattr(args, 'passwd', None),
            'cacerts':  getattr(args, 'cacerts', None),
            'insecure': getattr(args, 'insecure', None),
        }
        if args.iftype == EtherWebSocketClient.IFTYPE:
            if not args.target.startswith('ws://') and \
               not args.target.startswith('wss://'):
                raise ValueError('Invalid target URL scheme: %s' % args.target)
        if not opts['user'] and opts['passwd']:
            raise ValueError('Authentication required but username empty')
        if opts['user'] and not opts['passwd']:
            opts['passwd'] = getpass.getpass('Client Password: ')
        result = request(args, 'addPort', {
            'type':    args.iftype,
            'target':  args.target,
            'options': opts,
        })
        if 'error' in result:
            _print_error(result['error'])
        else:
            print_portlist(result['result']['entries'])

    def handle_ctl_shutport(args):
        if args.port <= 0:
            raise ValueError('Invalid port: %d' % args.port)
        result = request(args, 'shutPort', {
            'port': args.port,
            'shut': args.no,
        })
        if 'error' in result:
            _print_error(result['error'])
        else:
            print_portlist(result['result']['entries'])

    def handle_ctl_delport(args):
        if args.port <= 0:
            raise ValueError('Invalid port: %d' % args.port)
        result = request(args, 'delPort', {'port': args.port})
        if 'error' in result:
            _print_error(result['error'])
        else:
            print_portlist(result['result']['entries'])

    def handle_ctl_listport(args):
        result = request(args, 'listPort')
        if 'error' in result:
            _print_error(result['error'])
        else:
            print_portlist(result['result']['entries'])

    def handle_ctl_listfdb(args):
        result = request(args, 'listFdb')
        if 'error' in result:
            return _print_error(result['error'])
        result = result['result']['entries']
        pmax = maxlen(result, 'port', 4)
        vmax = maxlen(result, 'vid', 4)
        mmax = maxlen(result, 'mac', 3)
        amax = maxlen(result, 'age', 3)
        fmt = '  %%%ds  %%%ds  %%-%ds  %%%ds' % (pmax, vmax, mmax, amax)
        print(fmt % ('Port', 'VLAN', 'MAC', 'Age'))
        for r in result:
            print(fmt % (r['port'], r['vid'], r['mac'], r['age']))

    locals()['handle_ctl_' + args.control_method](args)


def _main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    subcommand = parser.add_subparsers(dest='subcommand')

    # - sw
    parser_sw = subcommand.add_parser('sw')

    parser_sw.add_argument('--debug', action='store_true', default=False)
    parser_sw.add_argument('--foreground', action='store_true', default=False)
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ageout', type=int, default=300)

    parser_sw.add_argument('--path', default='/')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--host', default='')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--port', type=int)
    parser_sw.add_argument('--htpasswd')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--sslkey')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--sslcert')

    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlpath', default='/ctl')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlhost', default='')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlport', type=int)
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlhtpasswd')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlsslkey')
    parser_sw.add_argument('--ctlsslcert')

    # - ctl
    parser_ctl = subcommand.add_parser('ctl')
    parser_ctl.add_argument('--ctlurl', default='http://localhost/ctl')
    parser_ctl.add_argument('--ctluser')
    parser_ctl.add_argument('--ctlpasswd')

    control_method = parser_ctl.add_subparsers(dest='control_method')

    # -- ctl addport
    parser_ctl_addport = control_method.add_parser('addport')
    iftype = parser_ctl_addport.add_subparsers(dest='iftype')

    # --- ctl addport tap
    parser_ctl_addport_tap = iftype.add_parser(TapHandler.IFTYPE)
    parser_ctl_addport_tap.add_argument('target')

    # --- ctl addport client
    parser_ctl_addport_client = iftype.add_parser(EtherWebSocketClient.IFTYPE)
    parser_ctl_addport_client.add_argument('target')
    parser_ctl_addport_client.add_argument('--user')
    parser_ctl_addport_client.add_argument('--passwd')
    parser_ctl_addport_client.add_argument('--cacerts')
    parser_ctl_addport_client.add_argument(
        '--insecure', action='store_true', default=False)

    # -- ctl shutport
    parser_ctl_shutport = control_method.add_parser('shutport')
    parser_ctl_shutport.add_argument('port', type=int)
    parser_ctl_shutport.add_argument(
        '--no', action='store_false', default=True)

    # -- ctl delport
    parser_ctl_delport = control_method.add_parser('delport')
    parser_ctl_delport.add_argument('port', type=int)

    # -- ctl listport
    parser_ctl_listport = control_method.add_parser('listport')

    # -- ctl listfdb
    parser_ctl_listfdb = control_method.add_parser('listfdb')

    # -- go
    args = parser.parse_args()

    try:
        globals()['_start_' + args.subcommand](args)
    except Exception as e:
        _print_error({
            'code':    0 - 32603,
            'message': 'Internal error',
            'data':    '%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e)),
        })


if __name__ == '__main__':
    _main()